PROPOSITION 12.

To set up a straight line at right angles to a given plane from a given point in it.

Let the plane of reference be the given plane, and A the point in it; thus it is required to set up from the point A a straight line at right angles to the plane of reference.

D B C A

Let any elevated point B be conceived, from B let BC be drawn perpendicular to the plane of reference, [XI. 11] and through the point A let AD be drawn parallel to BC. [I. 31]

Then, since AD, CB are two parallel straight lines, while one of them, BC, is at right angles to the plane of reference,

therefore the remaining one, AD, is also at right angles to the plane of reference. [XI. 8]
Therefore AD has been set up at right angles to the given plane from the point A in it.

Dependency Graph

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"I.def.5" [label="I.def.5", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.5: A surface is that which has length and breadth only.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-5", target="_top"]; "I.def.6" [label="I.def.6", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.6: The extremities of a surface are lines.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-6", target="_top"]; "I.def.7" [label="I.def.7", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.7: A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-7", target="_top"]; "I.def.8" [label="I.def.8", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.8: A plane angle is the inclination to one another of two lines in a plane which meet one another and do not lie in a straight line.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-8", target="_top"]; "I.def.9" [label="I.def.9", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.9: And when the lines containing the angle are straight, the angle is called rectilineal.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-9", target="_top"]; "I.def.10" [label="I.def.10", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.10: When a straight line set up on a straight line makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each of the equal angles is right, and the straight line standing on the other is…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-10", target="_top"]; "I.def.13" [label="I.def.13", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.13: A boundary is that which is an extremity of anything.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-13", target="_top"]; "I.def.14" [label="I.def.14", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.14: A figure is that which is contained by any boundary or boundaries.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-14", target="_top"]; "I.def.15" [label="I.def.15", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.15: A circle is a plane figure contained by one line such that all the straight lines falling upon it from one point among those lying within the figure are equal to one another.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-15", target="_top"]; "I.def.16" [label="I.def.16", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.16: And the point is called the centre of the circle.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-16", target="_top"]; "I.def.17" [label="I.def.17", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.17: A diameter of the circle is any straight line drawn through the centre and terminated in both directions by the circumference of the circle, and such a straight line also bisects…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-17", target="_top"]; "I.def.19" [label="I.def.19", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.19: Rectilineal figures are those which are contained by straight lines, trilateral figures being those contained by three, quadrilateral those contained by four, and multilateral…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-19", target="_top"]; "I.def.20" [label="I.def.20", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.20: Of trilateral figures, an equilateral triangle is that which has its three sides equal, an isosceles triangle that which has two of its sides alone equal, and a scalene triangle…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-20", target="_top"]; "I.def.23" [label="I.def.23", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="I.def.23: Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the same plane and being produced indefinitely in both directions, do not meet one another in either direction.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/definitions/index.html#i-def-23", target="_top"]; "I.post.1" [label="I.post.1", fillcolor="#444422", tooltip="I.post.1: To draw a straight line from any point to any point.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/postulates/index.html#i-post-1", target="_top"]; "I.post.2" [label="I.post.2", fillcolor="#444422", tooltip="I.post.2: To produce a finite straight line continuously in a straight line.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/postulates/index.html#i-post-2", target="_top"]; "I.post.3" [label="I.post.3", fillcolor="#444422", tooltip="I.post.3: To describe a circle with any centre and distance.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/postulates/index.html#i-post-3", target="_top"]; "I.post.4" [label="I.post.4", fillcolor="#444422", tooltip="I.post.4: That all right angles are equal to one another.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/postulates/index.html#i-post-4", target="_top"]; "I.post.5" [label="I.post.5", fillcolor="#444422", tooltip="I.post.5: That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/postulates/index.html#i-post-5", target="_top"]; "I.cn.1" [label="I.cn.1", fillcolor="#442222", tooltip="I.cn.1: Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/common_notions/index.html#i-cn-1", target="_top"]; "I.cn.2" [label="I.cn.2", fillcolor="#442222", tooltip="I.cn.2: If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/common_notions/index.html#i-cn-2", target="_top"]; "I.cn.3" [label="I.cn.3", fillcolor="#442222", tooltip="I.cn.3: If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/common_notions/index.html#i-cn-3", target="_top"]; "I.cn.4" [label="I.cn.4", fillcolor="#442222", tooltip="I.cn.4: Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/common_notions/index.html#i-cn-4", target="_top"]; "I.cn.5" [label="I.cn.5", fillcolor="#442222", tooltip="I.cn.5: The whole is greater than the part.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/common_notions/index.html#i-cn-5", target="_top"]; "I.1" [label="I.1", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.1: On a given finite straight line to construct an equilateral triangle.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/01/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.2" [label="I.2", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.2: To place at a given point (as an extremity) a straight line equal to a given straight line.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/02/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.3" [label="I.3", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.3: Given two unequal straight lines, to cut off from the greater a straight line equal to the less.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/03/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.4" [label="I.4", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.4: If two triangles have the two sides equal to two sides respectively, and have the angles contained by the equal straight lines equal, they will also have the base equal to the…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/04/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.5" [label="I.5", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.5: In isosceles triangles the angles at the base are equal to one another, and, if the equal straight lines be produced further, the angles under the base will be equal to one…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/05/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.7" [label="I.7", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.7: Given two straight lines constructed on a straight line (from its extremities) and meeting in a point, there cannot be constructed on the same straight line (from its…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/07/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.8" [label="I.8", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.8: If two triangles have the two sides equal to two sides respectively, and have also the base equal to the base, they will also have the angles equal which are contained by the…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/08/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.9" [label="I.9", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.9: To bisect a given rectilineal angle.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/09/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.10" [label="I.10", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.10: To bisect a given finite straight line.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/10/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.11" [label="I.11", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.11: To draw a straight line at right angles to a given straight line from a given point on it.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/11/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.12" [label="I.12", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.12: To a given infinite straight line, from a given point which is not on it, to draw a perpendicular straight line.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/12/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.13" [label="I.13", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.13: If a straight line set up on a straight line make angles, it will make either two right angles or angles equal to two right angles.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/13/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.15" [label="I.15", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.15: If two straight lines cut one another, they make the vertical angles equal to one another.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/15/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.16" [label="I.16", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.16: In any triangle, if one of the sides be produced, the exterior angle is greater than either of the interior and opposite angles.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/16/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.18" [label="I.18", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.18: In any triangle the greater side subtends the greater angle.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/18/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.19" [label="I.19", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.19: In any triangle the greater angle is subtended by the greater side.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/19/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.20" [label="I.20", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.20: In any triangle two sides taken together in any manner are greater than the remaining one.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/20/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.22" [label="I.22", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.22: Out of three straight lines, which are equal to three given straight lines, to construct a triangle: thus it is necessary that two of the straight lines taken together in any…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/22/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.23" [label="I.23", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.23: On a given straight line and at a point on it to construct a rectilineal angle equal to a given rectilineal angle.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/23/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.26" [label="I.26", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.26: If two triangles have the two angles equal to two angles respectively, and one side equal to one side, namely, either the side adjoining the equal angles, or that subtending one…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/26/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.27" [label="I.27", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.27: If a straight line falling on two straight lines make the alternate angles equal to one another, the straight lines will be parallel to one another.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/27/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.29" [label="I.29", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.29: A straight line falling on parallel straight lines makes the alternate angles equal to one another, the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite angle, and the interior…", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/29/index.html", target="_top"]; "I.31" [label="I.31", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="I.31: Through a given point to draw a straight line parallel to a given straight line.", URL="../../../../volume_I/book_i/propositions/31/index.html", target="_top"]; "V.def.1" [label="V.def.1", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="V.def.1: A magnitude is a part of a magnitude, the less of the greater, when it measures the greater.", URL="../../../../volume_II/book_v/definitions/index.html#v-def-1", target="_top"]; "VII.def.1" [label="VII.def.1", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="VII.def.1: An unit is that by virtue of which each of the things that exist is called one.", URL="../../../../volume_II/book_vii/definitions/index.html#vii-def-1", target="_top"]; "VII.def.2" [label="VII.def.2", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="VII.def.2: A number is a multitude composed of units.", URL="../../../../volume_II/book_vii/definitions/index.html#vii-def-2", target="_top"]; "VII.def.3" [label="VII.def.3", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="VII.def.3: A number is a part of a number, the less of the greater, when it measures the greater.", URL="../../../../volume_II/book_vii/definitions/index.html#vii-def-3", target="_top"]; "XI.def.3" [label="XI.def.3", fillcolor="#224422", tooltip="XI.def.3: A straight line is at right angles to a plane, when it makes right angles with all the straight lines which meet it and are in the plane.", URL="../../definitions/index.html#xi-def-3", target="_top"]; "XI.1" [label="XI.1", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.1: A part of a straight line cannot be in the plane of reference and a part in a plane more elevated.", URL="../01/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.2" [label="XI.2", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.2: If two straight lines cut one another, they are in one plane, and every triangle is in one plane.", URL="../02/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.3" [label="XI.3", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.3: If two planes cut one another, their common section is a straight line.", URL="../03/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.4" [label="XI.4", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.4: If a straight line be set up at right angles to two straight lines which cut one another, at their common point of section, it will also be at right angles to the plane through…", URL="../04/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.7" [label="XI.7", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.7: If two straight lines be parallel and points be taken at random on each of them, the straight line joining the points is in the same plane with the parallel straight lines.", URL="../07/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.8" [label="XI.8", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.8: If two straight lines be parallel, and one of them be at right angles to any plane, the remaining one will also be at right angles to the same plane.", URL="../08/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.11" [label="XI.11", fillcolor="#222244", tooltip="XI.11: From a given elevated point to draw a straight line perpendicular to a given plane.", URL="../11/index.html", target="_top"]; "XI.12" [label="XI.12", penwidth=2.5, color="#e8b85a", fillcolor="#4a453b", tooltip="XI.12: To set up a straight line at right angles to a given plane from a given point in it.", URL="index.html", target="_top"]; "I.def.3" -> "I.def.1"; "I.def.4" -> "I.def.1"; "I.def.15" -> "I.def.1"; "I.def.16" -> "I.def.1"; "I.post.1" -> "I.def.1"; "I.2" -> "I.def.1"; "I.7" -> "I.def.1"; "I.11" -> "I.def.1"; "I.12" -> "I.def.1"; "I.23" -> "I.def.1"; "I.31" -> "I.def.1"; "XI.4" -> "I.def.1"; "XI.7" -> "I.def.1"; "XI.11" -> "I.def.1"; "XI.12" -> "I.def.1"; "I.def.3" -> "I.def.2"; "I.def.4" -> "I.def.2"; "I.def.6" -> "I.def.2"; "I.def.8" -> "I.def.2"; "I.def.9" -> "I.def.2"; "I.def.4" -> "I.def.3"; "I.def.13" -> "I.def.3"; "I.2" -> "I.def.3"; "I.7" -> "I.def.3"; "I.def.7" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.8" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.10" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.15" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.17" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.19" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.23" -> "I.def.4"; "I.post.1" -> "I.def.4"; "I.post.2" -> "I.def.4"; "I.post.5" -> "I.def.4"; "I.1" -> "I.def.4"; "I.2" -> "I.def.4"; "I.3" -> "I.def.4"; "I.4" -> "I.def.4"; "I.5" -> "I.def.4"; "I.7" -> "I.def.4"; "I.8" -> "I.def.4"; "I.10" -> "I.def.4"; "I.11" -> "I.def.4"; "I.12" -> "I.def.4"; "I.13" -> "I.def.4"; "I.15" -> "I.def.4"; "I.22" -> "I.def.4"; "I.23" -> "I.def.4"; "I.27" -> "I.def.4"; "I.29" -> "I.def.4"; "I.31" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.def.3" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.1" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.2" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.3" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.4" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.7" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.8" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.11" -> "I.def.4"; "XI.12" -> "I.def.4"; "I.def.6" -> "I.def.5"; "I.def.7" -> "I.def.5"; "I.def.15" -> "I.def.6"; "I.def.8" -> "I.def.7"; "I.def.15" -> "I.def.7"; "I.def.23" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.def.3" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.1" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.2" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.3" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.7" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.8" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.11" -> "I.def.7"; "XI.12" -> "I.def.7"; "I.def.9" -> "I.def.8"; "I.def.10" -> "I.def.8"; "I.post.5" -> "I.def.8"; "I.4" -> "I.def.8"; "I.5" -> "I.def.8"; "I.8" -> "I.def.8"; "I.13" -> "I.def.8"; "I.15" -> "I.def.8"; "I.16" -> "I.def.8"; "I.18" -> "I.def.8"; "I.19" -> "I.def.8"; "I.26" -> "I.def.8"; "I.27" -> "I.def.8"; "I.29" -> "I.def.8"; "I.9" -> "I.def.9"; "I.23" -> "I.def.9"; "I.post.4" -> "I.def.10"; "I.post.5" -> "I.def.10"; "I.11" -> "I.def.10"; "I.12" -> "I.def.10"; "I.13" -> "I.def.10"; "I.29" -> "I.def.10"; "XI.def.3" -> "I.def.10"; "XI.4" -> "I.def.10"; "XI.8" -> "I.def.10"; "XI.11" -> "I.def.10"; "XI.12" -> "I.def.10"; "I.def.14" -> "I.def.13"; "I.def.15" -> "I.def.14"; "I.4" -> "I.def.14"; "I.def.16" -> "I.def.15"; "I.def.17" -> "I.def.15"; "I.post.3" -> "I.def.15"; "I.1" -> "I.def.15"; "I.3" -> "I.def.15"; "XI.1" -> "I.def.15"; "I.def.17" -> "I.def.16"; "I.post.3" -> "I.def.16"; "XI.1" -> "I.def.16"; "XI.1" -> "I.def.17"; "I.def.20" -> "I.def.19"; "I.4" -> "I.def.19"; "I.8" -> "I.def.19"; "I.16" -> "I.def.19"; "I.18" -> "I.def.19"; "I.19" -> "I.def.19"; "I.20" -> "I.def.19"; "I.22" -> "I.def.19"; "I.26" -> "I.def.19"; "XI.2" -> "I.def.19"; "I.1" -> "I.def.20"; "I.5" -> "I.def.20"; "I.27" -> "I.def.23"; "I.29" -> "I.def.23"; "I.31" -> "I.def.23"; "XI.7" -> "I.def.23"; "XI.8" -> "I.def.23"; "I.1" -> "I.post.1"; "I.2" -> "I.post.1"; "I.5" -> "I.post.1"; "I.7" -> "I.post.1"; "I.12" -> "I.post.1"; "I.16" -> "I.post.1"; "I.2" -> "I.post.2"; "I.5" -> "I.post.2"; "I.16" -> "I.post.2"; "I.1" -> "I.post.3"; "I.2" -> "I.post.3"; "I.3" -> "I.post.3"; "I.12" -> "I.post.3"; "I.15" -> "I.post.4"; "I.29" -> "I.post.5"; "I.1" -> "I.cn.1"; "I.2" -> "I.cn.1"; "I.3" -> "I.cn.1"; "I.13" -> "I.cn.1"; "I.15" -> "I.cn.1"; "I.29" -> "I.cn.1"; "I.13" -> "I.cn.2"; "I.29" -> "I.cn.2"; "I.2" -> "I.cn.3"; "I.15" -> "I.cn.3"; "I.4" -> "I.cn.4"; "I.16" -> "I.cn.5"; "I.20" -> "I.cn.5"; "I.2" -> "I.1"; "I.10" -> "I.1"; "I.11" -> "I.1"; "I.3" -> "I.2"; "I.5" -> "I.3"; "I.9" -> "I.3"; "I.11" -> "I.3"; "I.16" -> "I.3"; "I.18" -> "I.3"; "I.22" -> "I.3"; "I.5" -> "I.4"; "I.10" -> "I.4"; "I.16" -> "I.4"; "I.26" -> "I.4"; "XI.4" -> "I.4"; "I.7" -> "I.5"; "I.19" -> "I.5"; "I.20" -> "I.5"; "I.8" -> "I.7"; "I.9" -> "I.8"; "I.11" -> "I.8"; "I.12" -> "I.8"; "I.23" -> "I.8"; "XI.4" -> "I.8"; "I.10" -> "I.9"; "I.12" -> "I.10"; "I.16" -> "I.10"; "I.13" -> "I.11"; "XI.11" -> "I.11"; "XI.11" -> "I.12"; "I.15" -> "I.13"; "I.29" -> "I.13"; "I.16" -> "I.15"; "I.29" -> "I.15"; "XI.4" -> "I.15"; "I.18" -> "I.16"; "I.26" -> "I.16"; "I.27" -> "I.16"; "I.19" -> "I.18"; "I.20" -> "I.19"; "I.22" -> "I.20"; "I.23" -> "I.22"; "I.31" -> "I.23"; "XI.4" -> "I.26"; "I.31" -> "I.27"; "XI.8" -> "I.29"; "XI.11" -> "I.31"; "XI.12" -> "I.31"; "VII.def.3" -> "V.def.1"; "VII.def.2" -> "VII.def.1"; "VII.def.3" -> "VII.def.2"; "XI.1" -> "VII.def.3"; "XI.4" -> "XI.def.3"; "XI.8" -> "XI.def.3"; "XI.11" -> "XI.def.3"; "XI.2" -> "XI.1"; "XI.8" -> "XI.2"; "XI.7" -> "XI.3"; "XI.8" -> "XI.4"; "XI.11" -> "XI.4"; "XI.8" -> "XI.7"; "XI.11" -> "XI.8"; "XI.12" -> "XI.8"; "XI.12" -> "XI.11"; }

Required for

XI.23, XI.26, XIII.13, XIII.14, XIII.18