Posts in category 'Projective & Harmonic Geometry'

F.2 Bilinear Transformations

The canonical bilinear transformation B(x) = (1 + x)/(1 - x) and its inverse B^{-1}(y) = (y - 1)/(y + 1) link the internal division ratio kappa = x/r of a segment AB to the Apollonian distance ratio k = (1 + kappa)/(1 - kappa).

F.5 Centers of Similitude

Given two circles (O_1, r_1) and (O_2, r_2) separated by center distance d = |O_1 O_2| with r_2 > r_1, their common internal and external tangents concur at the internal and external centers of similitude S_IN and S_EX, which divide O_1 O_2 harmonically in the ratio r_1 : r_2.

F.7 Ceva and Menelaus

Three cevians AD, BE, CF of triangle ABC concur at a point P if and only if (AF/FB)(BD/DC)(CE/EA) = +1 (Ceva’s Theorem), whereas points D, E, F’ on the sidelines are collinear if and only if (AF’/F’B)(BD/DC)(CE/EA) = -1 (Menelaus’s Theorem), making (A, B; F, F’) a harmonic range.

F.16 d’Alembert’s Theorem

Given three circles of distinct radii in the plane, their six pairwise internal and external centers of similitude lie by threes on four projective lines L_{+++}, L_{–+}, L_{-+-}, and L_{+–} (the Monge–d’Alembert similitude axes).

F.25 Harmonic Conjugates

Collinear points C and D divide segment AB (of midpoint M and half-length r) internally and externally in the same ratio k = |AC|/|BC| = |AD|/|BD| if and only if |MC|*|MD| = r^2, which occurs if and only if the circle on diameter AB and the Apollonian circle on diameter CD intersect orthogonally.

F.26 Harmonic Conjugate Inversion

For a circle Gamma of center M and radius r on diameter AB, internal point C at x = |MC| and its harmonic conjugate D at y = |MD| are inverses satisfying x*y = r^2, while the tangent DT = T forms a parallelogram M D M_T T whose long diagonal z satisfies z^2 = y^2 + 3*r^2 by Stewart’s Theorem.

F.27 Harmonic Mean

If C and D are harmonic conjugates with respect to segment AB (so |AC|/|CB| = |AD|/|BD|), then the length |CD| is the harmonic mean of |BD| and |AD|: |CD| = 2 |BD| |AD| / (|BD| + |AD|) = r (gamma + 1/gamma).

F.39 Pole and Polar with Respect to a Triangle

Given a triangle ABC and a point P with cevian traces A’, B’, C’, the intersections X = BC cap B’C’, Y = CA cap C’A’, and Z = AB cap A’B’ are collinear on the trilinear polar L of the pole P.

F.44 Homothetic Ratios and Crossed Diagonals

Given two parallel uprights of heights h_1 < h_2 separated by horizontal distance d and viewed from their external center of similitude O, the crossed diagonals meet at horizontal distance x = d h_1 / (h_1 + h_2) from the first upright, while O lies at distance y - x = d h_1 / (h_2 - h_1) to its left, forming a harmonic range.

F.46 Stewart’s Theorem

If a cevian of length f from C divides base c = AB into segments k’ c and k c (with k + k’ = 1), Stewart’s Theorem states f^2 = k a^2 + k’ b^2 - k k’ c^2; at the midpoint k = k’ = 1/2, this yields Apollonius’s median formula f^2 = (1/2)(a^2 + b^2 - c^2/2).